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The case involves appellees accused of violating the Joint Resolution of Congress and the President's proclamation by conspiring to sell arms to Bolivia, a country in armed conflict. The appellees argue that the Joint Resolution is unconstitutional because it delegates essential functions to the Executive, making the resolution invalid. The court held that the federal government's powers of external sovereignty did not depend on the Constitution's affirmative grants. The President has exclusive power in external affairs, and Congress must give the President discretion to achieve success in international relations. Transactions with foreign nations require caution, unity of design, secrecy, and dispatch. Congress should not impose narrowly defined standards for the President's actions in foreign territory, as the President's actions may depend on confidential information or the effect on foreign relations. The court should not rush to apply a general rule that would condemn legislation as an unlawful delegation of legislative power. Congress has passed many acts authorizing the President to take action in foreign relations, leaving the exercise of power to his unrestricted judgment or providing a general standard. The Supreme Court has justified these acts, including joint resolutions that prohibit the export of coal or other war material, by stating that they give the President an authority related to the conduct of foreign relations of the government. The lower court erred in sustaining the appellees' demurrers on the first point, but correctly overruled them on the second and third points.
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