A more thorough explanation:

When someone commits a crime, they may receive a punishment. However, sometimes there are circumstances that make the person less responsible for their actions. These are called mitigating circumstances, and they can reduce the punishment the person receives.

For example, if someone has no prior criminal record, this could be a mitigating circumstance. It shows that they are not a repeat offender and may not have fully understood the consequences of their actions. Another example could be if someone committed a crime under extreme duress or pressure, such as being threatened with harm if they did not comply.

On the other hand, there are aggravating circumstances that can increase the severity of a punishment. For instance, if someone committed a crime while under the influence of drugs or alcohol, this could be an aggravating circumstance. It shows that they were not in their right mind and may be more likely to commit similar crimes in the future.

Overall, mitigating circumstances can help to ensure that punishments are fair and appropriate for the specific situation. They take into account the unique circumstances of each case and can help to prevent overly harsh punishments for those who may not fully deserve them.